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Science and Technology
Excretion
Excretion Is The Process By Which Waste Products Of Metabolism Are Removed From The Body Of Living Things. Waste Products From Met...
Justin
5 yrs
1172
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Justin
Excretion
~0.4 mins read
Excretion is the process by which waste products of metabolism are removed from the body of living things. Waste products from metabolic activities are always produced by the body and their removal are carried out by special Excretory systems or organs. However, election and secretion should never be confused with Excretion.
Importance.
1.the Excretory products are harmful to the body so must be removed.
2.some are poisonous and never be allowed to accumulate within the body.
3.excretion helps to maintain water balance in the body.
4.Excretion also helps to maintain salt balance.
Science and Technology
Beam Of Light
This Is The Collection Of Rays Of Light.
Types;
1 . Converging Beam:they Are Produced From A Large Source And...
Justin
5 yrs
1481
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Justin
Beam Of Light
~0.4 mins read
This is the collection of rays of light.
Types;
1 . converging beam:they are produced from a large source and meet at a point forming convergent beam. It does not require a device. Example includes sunlight.
2. Diverging beam:they are produced from a small source and are scattered, that is they emerge from a source and diffuse in different directions. It requires a device. Example includes torchlight.
3.parallel beam:these are rays of light produced in a straight line. Example includes ray box.
Science and Technology
The Skeleton
Skeleton Is The Bony Framework Of The Body Which Provides Support, Shape And Protection To The Soft Tissues And Organs In Animals....
Justin
5 yrs
1100
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Justin
The Skeleton
~0.4 mins read
Skeleton Is the bony framework of the body which provides support, shape and protection to the soft tissues and organs in animals. Without skeleton, animals may not be able to move or carry out other life processes.
Types of skeleton
1.hydrostatic(fluid) skeleton: this type of skeleton is possessed by a soft bodied animal.
2.Exoskeleton: this type is found outside or at the external part of the body of some animals.
3.Endoskeleton:this type of skeleton is found inside the body of animals.
USMLE and Medicals
Malaria Parasite Test
This Is A Laboratory Procedure Used To Test For The Presence Of A Malaria Parasite. Some Malaria Species Include; Plas...
Justin
5 yrs
1053
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Justin
Malaria Parasite Test
~0.6 mins read
This is a laboratory procedure used to test for the presence of a malaria parasite. Some malaria species include; plasmodium falciparum(kills), plasmodium ovale, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae.
This test can be done with the thin film or the thick film.
The thin film is easier to fix and it shows the parasite shape and size of the red cells. The thick film improves sensitivity.
Staining can be done with either rapid fields method (faster and gives quicker diagnosis) or Giemsa stain(shows a slightly better colour of the parasites and red cell)
Plasmodium falciparum under the microscope can be diagnosed in three main stages. They include; Trophozoite stage, schizont stage and the Gametocyte stage.
USMLE and Medicals
Catalase Test
This Is A Laboratory Procedure Used To Differentiate Staphylococci (catalase Positive) From Streptococci(catalase Nega...
Justin
5 yrs
1002
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Justin
Catalase Test
~0.5 mins read
This is a laboratory procedure used to differentiate staphylococci (catalase positive) from streptococci(catalase negative).
A catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen. It catalyzes the decomposition of water and oxygen. It is important in protecting the cell from oxidative damage.
Procedure;
1.transfer a small amount of bacteria colony into a surface of clean, dry glass slide using a loop.
2.place a drop of 3% hydrogen peroxide on the slide and mix.
3.A positive result is the rapid evolution of oxygen(within 5-10sec) as evidenced by bubbling.
4.A negative result no bubbles.
USMLE and Medicals
Coagulase Test
This Is A Laboratory Procedure Used To Differentiate Staphylococcus Aureus (positive) Which Produces The Enzyme Coagulase, F...
Justin
5 yrs
935
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Justin
Coagulase Test
~0.6 mins read
This is a laboratory procedure used to differentiate staphylococcus aureus (positive) which produces the enzyme coagulase, from Staphylococcus epidermis and S. Saprophyticus(negative) which do not produce coagulase.
Principle: coagulase is an enzyme like protein and causes plasma to clot by converting fibrinogen to fibrin.
Procedure(slide test) ;
1.place a drop of physiological saline on each end of a slide, or on 2 separate slides.
2.with the loop, emulsify a portion of the isolated colony in each drops to make 2 thick suspensions.
3.Add a drop of human or rabbit plasma to one of the suspensions, and mix gently.
4.looking for clumping of the organisms within 10seconds.
5.No plasma is added to the second suspension to differentiate any granular appearance of the organism from true coagulase clumping.
USMLE and Medicals
Motility Test
Motility Is The Ability Of An Organism To Move By Itself By Means Of Propeller Like Flagella Unique To Bacteria Or By Special Fibr...
Justin
5 yrs
737
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Justin
Motility Test
~0.5 mins read
Motility is the ability of an organism to move by itself by means of propeller like flagella unique to bacteria or by special fibrillation that produce a gliding form of motility.
Its principle; motility by bacterium is mostly demonstrated in a semi solid agar medium, in the medium, bacteria swam and give a diffuse spreading growth easily recognized by the naked eye. The medium used is sim medium(sulphide indo motility medium) which is a combination differential medium that test for Sulphur reduction, indo production and motility.
The medium has a very soft consistency that allows mobile bacteria to migrate readily through them causing cloudiness.
USMLE and Medicals
Gram Staining
This Is A Laboratory Procedure Used To Differentiate Between Gram Positive And Gram Negative Bacteria. Materials Use F...
Justin
5 yrs
701
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Justin
Gram Staining
~0.3 mins read
This is a laboratory procedure used to differentiate between gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Materials use for the procedure includes ; crystal violet(primary stain), gram's iodine(mordant), 95% Ethanol(decolorizer), safranin(secondary stain).
If the laboratory procedure yields a purple colouration the bacteria is Gram positive but if it yields a red or pink colouration the bacteria is Gram negative.
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