Introduction                    
Poliomyelitis(polio) is an infectious viral disease which usually affects young children. In this review paper i will discuss how polio is transmitted, how it invades the nervous system and cause paralysis, epidemiology, clinical signs and symptoms of affected individuals, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of such patients. I will also discuss the challenges faced with the global ambition of completely irradiating polio disease despite the availability of an effective vaccine.

Discussion(Body)                
Polio is a disabling and life threatening disease caused by the poliovirus. Polio virus is transmitted from person to person and causes paralysis by infecting a person spinal cord (WHO,2019)

 

Transmission  
It is very contagious and it is transmitted through person to person contact. It lives in an infected person throat and intestines. It enters the body through the mouth and spread through contact with feces of infected people or droplets from a sneeze or cough of an infected person(CDC,2019). Infected people can spread the virus to others immediately before and up to 2 weeks after symptoms appear. People who do not have symptoms can still pass the virus to others and make them sick (CDC, 2019)

Signs and symptoms of polio  
Most people who get infected with poliovirus will not have any visible symptoms.1 out of 4 people with poliovirus will have flu like signs that may include sore throat, fever, tiredness, nausea, headache(CDC, 2019).

The symptoms usually last 2 to 5 days then stop on their own.

A smaller proportion of people that have poliovirus infection will develop more serious symptoms including paresthesia, meningitis, and paralysis.

Paralysis is the most dangerous symptom associated with polio because it can cause permanent disability and death. Between 4 to 10 out of 100 persons who have paralysis from poliovirus die. This is because the virus affects the muscles that help with breathing. 

Even kids who seem to fully recover can develop new muscle pain, weakness, or paralysis as adults, 15 or 40 years later. This is called post-polio syndrome. (CDC, 2019)

Knowing your diabetes ABCs will help you manage your blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol.

Stopping smoking, if you smoke will also help you manage your diabetes.

Working toward your ABC goals can help lower your chances of having a heart attack, stroke, or other diabetes problems.

A for the A1C test
The A1C test shows your average blood glucose level over the past 3 months. The A1C goal for many people with diabetes is below 7 percent. Ask your health care team what your goal should be.

B for Blood pressure
The blood pressure goal for most people with diabetes is below 140/90 mm Hg. Ask what your goal should be.

C for Cholesterol
You have two kinds of cholesterol in your blood: LDL and HDL. LDL or “bad” cholesterol can build up and clog your blood vessels.
Too much bad cholesterol can cause a heart attack or stroke.

HDL or “good” cholesterol helps remove the “bad” cholesterol from your blood vessels. Ask your health care team what your cholesterol numbers should be.
If you are over 40 years of age, you may need to take a statin drug for heart health.

S for Stop smoking
Not smoking is especially important for people with diabetes because both smoking and diabetes narrow blood vessels.
Blood vessel narrowing makes your heart work harder.

E-cigarettes aren’t a safe option either. If you quit smoking you will lower your risk for heart attack, stroke, nerve disease, kidney disease, diabetic eye disease, and amputation.

Your cholesterol and blood pressure levels may improve, your blood circulation will improve you may have an easier time being physically active. If you smoke or use other tobacco products, stop.

Ask for help so you don’t have to do it alone.

Keeping your A1C, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels close to your goals and stopping smoking may help prevent the long-term harmful effects of diabetes.

These health problems include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, nerve damage, and eye disease. You can keep track of your ABCs with a diabetes care record. Take it with you on your health care visits. Talk about your goals and how you are doing, and whether you need to make any changes in your diabetes care plan.