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Ematy1
BEING CREATIVE
~2.4 mins read
Creativity is a phenomenon whereby something somehow new and somehow valuable is formed. The created item may be intangible (such as an idea, a scientific theory, a musical composition, or a joke) or a physical object (such as an invention, a printed literary work, or a painting).
Scholarly interest in creativity is found in a number of disciplines, primarily psychology, business studies, and cognitive science, but also education, the humanities, technology, engineering, philosophy (particularly philosophy of science), theology, sociology, linguistics, the arts, economics, and mathematics, covering the relations between creativity and general intelligence, personality type, mental and neural processes, mental health, or artificial intelligence; the potential for fostering creativity through education and training; the fostering of creativity for national economic benefit, and the application of creative resources to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning.
In a summary of scientific research into creativity, Michael Mumford suggested: "Over the course of the last decade, however, we seem to have reached a general agreement that creativity involves the production of novel, useful products". In Robert Sternberg's words, the production of "something original and worthwhile". Authors have diverged dramatically in their precise definitions beyond these general commonalities: Peter Meusburger reckons that over a hundred different analyses can be found in the literature. As an illustration, one definition given by Dr. E. Paul Torrance described it as "a process of becoming sensitive to problems, deficiencies, gaps in knowledge, missing elements, disharmonies, and so on; identifying the difficulty; searching for solutions, making guesses, or formulating hypotheses about the deficiencies: testing and retesting these hypotheses and possibly modifying and retesting them; and finally communicating the results."
Creativity in general is usually distinguished from innovation in particular, where the stress is on implementation. For example, Teresa Amabile and Pratt (2016) defines creativity as production of novel and useful ideas and innovation as implementation of creative ideas, while the OECD and Eurostat state that "Innovation is more than a new idea or an invention. An innovation requires implementation, either by being put into active use or by being made available for use by other parties, firms, individuals or organisations."
There is also an emotional creativity which is described as a pattern of cognitive abilities and personality traits related to originality and appropriateness in emotional experience.
Theories of creativity (particularly investigation of why some people are more creative than others) have focused on a variety of aspects. The dominant factors are usually identified as "the four Ps" , process, product, person, and place (according to Mel Rhodes).[11] A focus on process is shown in cognitive approaches that try to describe thought mechanisms and techniques for creative thinking. Theories invoking divergent rather than convergent thinking (such as Guilford), or those describing the staging of the creative process (such as Wallas) are primarily theories of creative process. A focus on creative product usually appears in attempts to measure creativity (psychometrics, see below) and in creative ideas framed as successful memes. The psychometric approach to creativity reveals that it also involves the ability to produce more. A focus on the nature of the creative person considers more general intellectual habits, such as openness, levels of ideation, autonomy, expertise, exploratory behavior, and so on. A focus on place considers the circumstances in which creativity flourishes, such as degrees of autonomy, access to resources, and the nature of gatekeepers. Creative lifestyles are characterized by nonconforming attitudes and behaviors as well as flexibility.
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Ematy1
YOUR RIGHTS AS A NIGERIAN CITIZEN
~4.4 mins read
Rights in a layman’s perspective, is the basic entitlement which every citizen should enjoy in any society; and also responsibilities as those things a citizen is required to do as part of a job or legal obligation to the state and society.
Human rights in Nigeria are protected under the most current constitution of 1999. Nigeria has made major improvements in human rights under this constitution though the American Human Rights Report of 2012 notes areas where significant improvement is needed, which include: abuses by Boko Haram, killings by government forces, lack of social equality, and issues with freedom of speech.
1. Right to life.
2. Right to dignity of human persons.
3. Right to personal liberty.
4. Right to fair hearing.
5. Right to privacy.
6. Right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
7. Right to freedom of expression.
8. Right to freedom of movement.
9. Right to freedom from discrimination.
10. Right to property ownership.
1. RIGHT TO LIFE
The Constitution guarantees the right to life of every Nigerian Citizen except where such a citizen has been sentenced to death by a Court of Law or where Law enforcement agents are defending the life/property of another citizen, or seeking to prevent escape of persons in lawful detention, or in the course of suppressing a riot.
2. RIGHT TO DIGNITY OF HUMAN PERSON
This right expressly prohibits torture, inhuman or degrading treatment of any Nigerian Citizen and also forbids any Nigerian Citizen from being held in slavery or forced labour.
3.RIGHT TO PERSONAL LIBERTY
The Nigerian Constitution guarantees the personal liberty of citizens, and no person shall be deprived of this liberty unless in special circumstances, this section also provides for citizens right to remain silent or avoid answering questions of law enforcement officers until consultation with a lawyer. It further provides that anybody arrested must be notified in writing of the offence and should be brought to court within a maximum period of 48 hours. In a case where a citizen is unlawfully detained, such a person shall be entitled to compensation and public apology from the appropriate authority or person.
4. RIGHT TO FAIR HEARING
This provision guarantees fair hearing to all citizens before an impartial Court of law and goes further to provide that such proceedings must be held in public. Any Citizen accused of a crime is presumed innocent until proven otherwise.
5.. RIGHT TO PRIVATE AND FAMILY LIFE
This section guarantees and protects the privacy of citizens, their homes, correspondence, telephone conversations, and telegraphic communications.
6. RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF THOUGHT, CONSCIENCE AND RELIGION
Every Nigerian Citizen is entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, including freedom to change his religion or belief. The Constitution further guarantees a citizens’ rights to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance.It is also important to note that this section forbids places of education from teaching or forcing students to observe religious ceremonies not in consonance with their religion. This section expressly forbids membership of a secret society.
7. RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND THE PRESS
It is the right of all Nigerian Citizens to express themselves freely within certain limits. The section also allows the establishment of Newspapers and other Broadcasting medium.
8. RIGHT TO PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY AND ASSOCIATION
Every Nigerian Citizen is entitled to assemble freely and associate with other people. This in effect allows citizens become members of political parties, trade unions or any other lawful association.
9. RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
This provision guarantees Nigerian citizens the right to live in any area of Nigeria and move freely throughout the country.
10. RIGHT TO FREEDOM FROM DISCRIMINATION ON THE GROUNDS OF ETHNIC GROUP, PLACE OF ORIGIN, CIRCUMSTANCE OF BIRTH, SEX, RELIGION OR POLITICAL OPINION
This provision expressly forbids discrimination against a bonafide citizen of Nigeria on account of his/her ethnic group, place of origin, circumstance of birth, sex, religion or political opinion.
11. RIGHT TO PROPERTY & COMPENSATION FOR PROPERTY COMPULSORILY ACQUIRED
Subject to certain exceptions, every citizen of Nigeria shall have the right to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria. This section also guarantees the right to compensation for any property compulsorily acquired by the Government.
Where any of the above rights is in breach, the citizen is at liberty to approach a law court to enforce his/her rights. There are also other rights in the Constitution which are dependent on the availability of State resources, they include the right to:
i. Free and compulsory education
ii. Adequate health care, gainful employment
iii. Shelter, food etc
However, there are exceptions to these rights because rights of citizens are correlated with functions of the state, so citizens are obliged to contribute to the social order. Similarly, with reference to chapter 11 section 24 of the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the responsibilities of the citizens are spelt out as:
1. Respect for the ideals of the constitution/institutions.
2. Respect for National Flag; National Pledge and Legitimate Authority.
3. Enhance the power, prestige and good name of Nigeria.
4. Respect the dignity of other citizens and their rights.
5. Promote the spirit of common brotherhood and good neighbourliness.
6. Make positive and useful contribution to the advancement, progress and wellbeing of community of residence.
7. Render assistance to appropriate agencies in the maintenance of law and order. i.e reporting of criminal elements in the society.
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