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Ematy1
Everest Solo Climber Recalls Event
~0.9 mins read
On August 20th 1980 Messner reached the summit of the world’s highest peak, 8,848 metres above sea level. He did it having taken just 60 kilograms of equipment with him - as opposed to the 8 tonnes that were normal at the time - and no oxygen tank. In the process he proved the doctors wrong, who said it was impossible to ascend such heights without assistance.
Messner, from the German-speaking region of South Tyrol in northern Italy, is a legend in the German-speaking world. 50 years ago this year he and his brother became the first mountaineers to climb the highest rock face in the world, the Rupal Face on the notoriously treacherous Himalayan peak, Nanga Parbat.
His brother, Günther, never made it back down, while Reinhold lost several toes to frostbite. "1970 is the key number of my life," Messner, who is now 75, says. "50 years of Nanga Parbat is many times more important than 40 years of Mount Everest."
While the year is so important to him due to the loss of his brother, he also sees 1970 as being a turning point in mountaineering. "That year marked a new phase of Himalayan mountaineering,†he says.
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Ematy1
Fluids
~1.1 mins read
In physics, a fluid is a liquid or gas that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them.
Although the term "fluid" includes both the liquid and gas phases, in common usage, "fluid" is often used synonymously with "liquid". This usage of the term is also common in medicine and in nutrition ("take plenty of fluids").
Liquids form a free surface (that is, a surface not created by the container) while gases do not. Viscoelastic fluids like Silly Putty appear to behave similar to a solid when a sudden force is applied. Also substances with a very high viscosity such as pitch appear to behave like a solid (see pitch drop experiment).
These properties are typically a function of their inability to support a shear stress in static equilibrium. In contrast, solids respond to shear either with a spring-like restoring force, which means that deformations are reversible, or they require a certain initial stress before they deform (see plasticity).
Solids respond with restoring forces to both shear stresses and to normal stresses—both compressive and tensile. In contrast, ideal fluids only respond with restoring forces to normal stresses, called pressure: fluids can be subjected to both compressive stress, corresponding to positive pressure, and to tensile stress, corresponding to negative pressure. Both solids and liquids also have tensile strengths, which when exceeded in solids makes irreversible deformation and fracture, and in liquids causes the onset of cavitation.
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