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Vampire Bats Call Out To Friends To Share Blood Meals
~3.1 mins read
After they prep bite sites to lap the blood out of live cows, females invite their roostmates to join them
During the night’s darkest hours, somewhere between 3 and 4 a.m., vampire bats that dwell in the agricultural regions of Panama leave their roosts for their blood meal. One by one, they come out of the hollow trees they live in and fly into the night looking for grazing cattle. The bats, which have wingspans of about a foot, flutter around until they spot their victim. After a vampire bat eyes its target it will land on its back, crawl up and down and then pick a spot to bite. The flying mammals use the heat sensors in their nose to locate the cow’s blood vessels. They prep the wound site, shaving the hairs off with their rough-textured tongues. Finally, they sink their razor-sharp teeth into the cow’s flesh, creating a deep wound, and as the blood flows, they lap it with their tongues.
And while they feast, they may shout to their bat friends—albeit not in sounds humans can hear—to join them for dinner, according to a study published
Scientists know that bats are social creatures, particular the females. They groom each other inside their roosts and often regurgitate their meals to feed others who weren’t successful in their nightly hunts. Similarly to humans and other animals, they seem to have social preferences. In other words, bats have friends within the roosts—those they rest next to or groom—and others they may not be so close with. But how far these friendships go is less clear.
Researchers at the Ohio State University wanted to find out whether bats forage with friends or alone. Their study found that while bats almost always embarked on their nightly trips solo, they often joined others to share meals. Moreover, female bats that were friends, and spent a lot of time of time together within the roost were more likely to share their meals, says Ohio State University’s behavioral ecologist Gerald Cater. His team recorded three distinct calls at dining locations that suggests friends communicate with each other about available food.
Compared to other animals, such as primates or birds that are easy to watch in nature, bats are harder to observe. They tend to live inside trees, caves and other secluded areas, which they leave only for a few hours and often at night when humans can’t see. However, understanding bats’ behavior is important. Vampire bats in particular can pose a real threat to cattle because they may carry rabies. As scientists learn how bats interact with each other and their hosts they can better understand how rabies spreads.
The team studied two colonies of Desmodus rotundus—common vampire bats living near cattle ranchers in rural areas of Panama. In the first spot, named Tolé, the team focused on a fairly large colony of about 200 to 250 individuals. Using nets stretched across the bats’ flying path, researchers captured and tagged 50 females with tracking devices and then monitored their movement for several days.
Watching the bats social interactions was fascinating, says Ripperger. As the mammals fed, they clearly made various calls—either to attract other bats or to keep them away. Ripperger noticed the microphone signal change as behavior changed. “I could see the bat’s mouth opening and closing,” he says—and then other bats would show up. Sometimes they would lap the blood together and sometimes they would fight over the wound. “I could tell there was a lot of communication going on while feeding.”
While cows weren’t part of the study, Ripperger learned something about them too. Some cows didn't react to bites very much. Some tried to slap the bats with their ears. One started running and shook the creatures off. And on two occasions when a couple of bats crawled on a cow’s back, another cow came and knocked them off.
But the study focused on bats, and specifically female bats because they are more social than males and keep friends within the colony. Males are far more territorial, researchers say. Inside the roost, they tend to stay alone and defend their spots against other males of the same colony, sometimes fighting with each other. Males don’t develop friends, except when they mate with females.
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DemuchGS
How To Rare A Catfish
~1.2 mins read
It can be used in catfish feeds at levels up to about 35 percent of diet. The digestible energy of corn germ meal is lower than that of corn grain. Rice bran is the bran layer and germ of the rice, with only such quantity of hull fragments and broken rice as is unavoidable in the regular milling of edible riceStep 1: Identify and separate the sexes. ... Step 2: Select and check for a gravid female (ie female with ripe eggs) ... Step 3: Weigh the female fish. ... Step 4: Prepare the female catfish for injection. ... Step 5: Isolate the injected fish in a comfortable, big bowl and wait for 10 to 12 hours.
Most catfish producers feed once a day, 7 days a week during the warmer months. Although feeding twice a day may slightly improve growth of fingerlings, the logistics of multiple feedings on large catfish farms make it impractical. Feed is typically blown onto the surface of the water using mechanical feeders.
Protein is a key material to force fish to reach a desirable weight. The best sources of protein are the sunflower, soy, a seed of cotton, etc. He recommends to include 40 percent of protein in forage of a catfish. Catfish requires a huge ammount of protein as it grows quicker than other fishes and it is carnivorous.
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