News And PoliticsCommunications And EntertainmentSports And FitnessHealth And LifestyleOthersGeneralBusiness And MoneyNigerianewsRelationship And MarriageWorldnewsStories And PoemsArts And EducationScience And TechnologyCelebrityEntertainmentMotivationalsReligion And PrinciplesNewsFood And KitchenHealthPersonal Care And BeautyBusinessFamily And HolidaysStoriesIT And Computer ScienceSportsRelationshipsLawLifestyleComedyReligionLifetipsEducationMotivationAgriculturePoliticsAnnouncementUSMLE And MedicalsMoneyEngineeringPoemsSocial SciencesHistoryFoodGive AidBeautyMarriageHobbies And HandiworksQuestions And AnswersVehicles And MobilityTechnologyFamilyPrinciplesQuotesNatureFashionAdvertisementChildrenKitchenGive HelpArtsWomenSpiritualityQuestions AnsweredAnimalsHerbal MedicineSciencePersonal CareFitnessTravelSecurityMedicineOpinionHome RemedyMenReviewsHobbiesGiveawayUsmleHolidaysHandiworksVehiclesHalloweenQ&A
USMLE And Medicals
Peter
profile/993770613673-CF2A-4A6E-A263-C84699A44525.jpeg
Peter
Obstetrics And Gynaecology Anatomy Notes And Mnemonics
~4.0 mins read
Summary Anatomy OBGYN
Recurrent Bartholin’s Abscess/Cyst = Adenocarcinoma
The Vestibule of the Vagina is between the Labia Minoras
The female Clitoris = Male Penis (Both are derived from the Genital Tubercle)
Tubercle = Prominence/Nodule/Outgrowth (The Penis/Clitoris are Prominences)
Bartholins Gland
Also Greater Vestibular Gland
Produces Bartholin’s mucus
Homologous to the Bulbo-Urethral gland in males
Skene’s Gland
Also Lesser Vestibular Gland or Para-Urethral gland (As name implies – around the urethral)
Homologous to the Prostate in males
Vulva Supply
Vulva Super Nods his Ex Into a Puddle with I-G before Perils Post
Super Nod: Superficial Lymphatic Nodes drain the Vulva
Ex Into a Puddle: External and Internal Pudendal artery supplies the Vulva
I-G: Ilioinguinal Nerve and Genitofemoral nerve supply anterior vulva
Perils Post: Perineal nerve and Posterior Cutaneous nerve of thigh supplies posterior vulva
Vaginal has a HI-MUTE PH (Character and Supply)
HI-MUTE PH = Literally, Highly Mutes Organisms, therefore Acidic. Acidic pH doesn’t favour growth of bacteria. Say the Vaginal Acidic pH mutes (kills) bacteria.
H = Hypogastric Anastomosis supply
I = Inferior Vaginal Artery supply
M = Middle Rectal Artery
UTE = Uterine Artery
P = Pelvic Nerve
H = Hypogastric plexus
Every Structure attached to the Uterus gets a Uterine Artery
Example: Cervix, Fallopian tubes, Vagina
Hypogastric Plexus: Sympathetic Innervation of the Vagina
Hypogastric is Housemaid to Vagina
Pelvic nerve: Parasympathetic Innervation of the Vagina
Pelvic nerve makes the Vagina a Pussy
Components of the Cervix: Cervical EX PIE
E = Ectocervix
X = Xternal Cervical Os
P = Portio Vaginalis
I = Internal Os
E = Endocervical Canal
Squamo-Columnar Junction of the cervix (SCJ)
The point of the Cervix where the Squamous cells that line the ectocervix meet with Columnar cells that line the Endocervix.
Transformation Zone of the Cervix (Tz)
The area of the Cervix where Columnar cells are presently being transformed into Squamous cells.
(Early in the female’s life, the Squamous cells line a part of the ectocervix. As she ages, the columnar cells transform into Squamous cells and the squamous cells are found to line most of the ectocervix. hence the squamous cells “move” into the cervix as the the female ages = ¯¯¯ risk of cervix cancer in elderly females)
The Myometrium LOL
L = Longitudinal External Muscles of the Myometrium (Uterine muscles)
O = Oblique Internal Muscles of the Myometrium
L = Longitudinal Internal Muscles of the Myometrium
Uterine (Womb) Supply = Uterine I-SCOUT
I = Inferior Hypogastric (Iiac) Plexus
S = Superior Hypogastric (Iliac) Plexus
C = Common Iliac Plexus
O = Ovarian Arteries
UT = Uterine Arteries
Salpinx (Uterine Tube) Supply
The Uterine Tubes OP OUT or POOUT (Pout)
O = Ovarian Plexus
P = Pelvic Nerve
O = Ovarian Artery
UT = Uterine Artery
The Ligaments of the female pelvis
BRUMS hold the female pelvis together
B = Broad ligament
R = Round ligament
U = UteroSacral ligament
M = Mackenrodt (Cardinal/Cervical) ligament
S = Suspensory ligament of the Ovaries
Contents of Broad ligaments (Structures that cross or lie within the broad ligament)
Broad FOR 3 of U (3 of U = U, U, U)
F = Fallopian tubes
O = Ovarian vessels
R = Round Ligament
U = Ureters
U = Uterine vessels
U =
Round ligament is a remnant of the Gubernaculum
Say “GubeROUNDculum”
Cardinal ligament = Cervical Ligament
Also called Mackenrodt ligament
Attaches to the Cervix + Upper part of the Vagina
It is a Cardinal (Really important) ligament of the Uterus as the uterine vessels run within this ligament.
Mackenrodt ( Also Cardinal ) ligament
Say/Write “MackenrUT”
UT = Uterine vessels run within the MackenrUT ligament
Every ligament of the female pelvis attaches to the the Pelvic wall except the UteroSacral ligament
The UteroSacral ligament attaches to the Sacrum (As name implies).
Which ligaments attach to the Vagina?
The CUS ligament.
C = Cardinal ligament
US = UteroSacral ligament
Muscles of the Pelvis
You need the Muscles of the Pelvis to PUP (poop)
P = Pelvic Diaphragm
U = Urogenital Diaphragm
P = Perineal muscles
Muscles of the Pelvic Diaphragm
The Pelvic PLC
P = Pelvic diaphragm fascia – Superior and Inferior fascia
L = Levator ani complex (Elevates the anus)
C = Coccygeus muscle (around the Coccyx)
Muscles of the Urogenital diaphragm
DICE or (Urogenital DICE)
D = Deep Transverse muscle (If there is a deep, there should be a Superficial)
I = Internal fascia
C = Constrictor of the Urethra
E = External fascia
Muscles of the Perineal body (Also Central Tendon/Perineum)
Perineal Extra Super Muscular Bums
Extra = External Anal Sphincter
Super = Superficial Transverse Muscle
Muscular = Median Raphe of Levator ani complex
Bums = Bulbocarvenous muscle
The Pudendal nerve and Artery (Internal Pudendal) supplies the Muscles of the Pelvis (PUP)
Say/Write “PELdendal nerve Supplies PELvis” muscle
The Internal Pudendal nerve gives rise to
Internal = Inferior Rectal Artery
Pudendal = Posterior Labial Artery
The 5acrum has 5 bones
The S1-S5 Sacrum
The 5acral Promontory is the landmark for Pelvimetry
The first Sacral bone is associated with the First (Number One) Sacral bone
Say “PromONEtory” : Number ONE Sacral bone
A defect in the Pelvic Diaphragm may lead to Pelvic organ prolapse (Example: Uterine Organ Prolapse)
Shapes of the Pelvis in Pregnancy
Babies come through the GAAP in the Pelvis
G = Gynecoid
A = Android
A = Anthropoid
P = Platypelloid
Ischial Spines determines the Station of the Baby
Spine = Station
Recurrent Bartholin’s Abscess/Cyst = Adenocarcinoma
The Vestibule of the Vagina is between the Labia Minoras
The female Clitoris = Male Penis (Both are derived from the Genital Tubercle)
Tubercle = Prominence/Nodule/Outgrowth (The Penis/Clitoris are Prominences)
Bartholins Gland
Also Greater Vestibular Gland
Produces Bartholin’s mucus
Homologous to the Bulbo-Urethral gland in males
Skene’s Gland
Also Lesser Vestibular Gland or Para-Urethral gland (As name implies – around the urethral)
Homologous to the Prostate in males
Vulva Supply
Vulva Super Nods his Ex Into a Puddle with I-G before Perils Post
Super Nod: Superficial Lymphatic Nodes drain the Vulva
Ex Into a Puddle: External and Internal Pudendal artery supplies the Vulva
I-G: Ilioinguinal Nerve and Genitofemoral nerve supply anterior vulva
Perils Post: Perineal nerve and Posterior Cutaneous nerve of thigh supplies posterior vulva
Vaginal has a HI-MUTE PH (Character and Supply)
HI-MUTE PH = Literally, Highly Mutes Organisms, therefore Acidic. Acidic pH doesn’t favour growth of bacteria. Say the Vaginal Acidic pH mutes (kills) bacteria.
H = Hypogastric Anastomosis supply
I = Inferior Vaginal Artery supply
M = Middle Rectal Artery
UTE = Uterine Artery
P = Pelvic Nerve
H = Hypogastric plexus
Every Structure attached to the Uterus gets a Uterine Artery
Example: Cervix, Fallopian tubes, Vagina
Hypogastric Plexus: Sympathetic Innervation of the Vagina
Hypogastric is Housemaid to Vagina
Pelvic nerve: Parasympathetic Innervation of the Vagina
Pelvic nerve makes the Vagina a Pussy
Components of the Cervix: Cervical EX PIE
E = Ectocervix
X = Xternal Cervical Os
P = Portio Vaginalis
I = Internal Os
E = Endocervical Canal
Squamo-Columnar Junction of the cervix (SCJ)
The point of the Cervix where the Squamous cells that line the ectocervix meet with Columnar cells that line the Endocervix.
Transformation Zone of the Cervix (Tz)
The area of the Cervix where Columnar cells are presently being transformed into Squamous cells.
(Early in the female’s life, the Squamous cells line a part of the ectocervix. As she ages, the columnar cells transform into Squamous cells and the squamous cells are found to line most of the ectocervix. hence the squamous cells “move” into the cervix as the the female ages = ¯¯¯ risk of cervix cancer in elderly females)
The Myometrium LOL
L = Longitudinal External Muscles of the Myometrium (Uterine muscles)
O = Oblique Internal Muscles of the Myometrium
L = Longitudinal Internal Muscles of the Myometrium
Uterine (Womb) Supply = Uterine I-SCOUT
I = Inferior Hypogastric (Iiac) Plexus
S = Superior Hypogastric (Iliac) Plexus
C = Common Iliac Plexus
O = Ovarian Arteries
UT = Uterine Arteries
Salpinx (Uterine Tube) Supply
The Uterine Tubes OP OUT or POOUT (Pout)
O = Ovarian Plexus
P = Pelvic Nerve
O = Ovarian Artery
UT = Uterine Artery
The Ligaments of the female pelvis
BRUMS hold the female pelvis together
B = Broad ligament
R = Round ligament
U = UteroSacral ligament
M = Mackenrodt (Cardinal/Cervical) ligament
S = Suspensory ligament of the Ovaries
Contents of Broad ligaments (Structures that cross or lie within the broad ligament)
Broad FOR 3 of U (3 of U = U, U, U)
F = Fallopian tubes
O = Ovarian vessels
R = Round Ligament
U = Ureters
U = Uterine vessels
U =
Round ligament is a remnant of the Gubernaculum
Say “GubeROUNDculum”
Cardinal ligament = Cervical Ligament
Also called Mackenrodt ligament
Attaches to the Cervix + Upper part of the Vagina
It is a Cardinal (Really important) ligament of the Uterus as the uterine vessels run within this ligament.
Mackenrodt ( Also Cardinal ) ligament
Say/Write “MackenrUT”
UT = Uterine vessels run within the MackenrUT ligament
Every ligament of the female pelvis attaches to the the Pelvic wall except the UteroSacral ligament
The UteroSacral ligament attaches to the Sacrum (As name implies).
Which ligaments attach to the Vagina?
The CUS ligament.
C = Cardinal ligament
US = UteroSacral ligament
Muscles of the Pelvis
You need the Muscles of the Pelvis to PUP (poop)
P = Pelvic Diaphragm
U = Urogenital Diaphragm
P = Perineal muscles
Muscles of the Pelvic Diaphragm
The Pelvic PLC
P = Pelvic diaphragm fascia – Superior and Inferior fascia
L = Levator ani complex (Elevates the anus)
C = Coccygeus muscle (around the Coccyx)
Muscles of the Urogenital diaphragm
DICE or (Urogenital DICE)
D = Deep Transverse muscle (If there is a deep, there should be a Superficial)
I = Internal fascia
C = Constrictor of the Urethra
E = External fascia
Muscles of the Perineal body (Also Central Tendon/Perineum)
Perineal Extra Super Muscular Bums
Extra = External Anal Sphincter
Super = Superficial Transverse Muscle
Muscular = Median Raphe of Levator ani complex
Bums = Bulbocarvenous muscle
The Pudendal nerve and Artery (Internal Pudendal) supplies the Muscles of the Pelvis (PUP)
Say/Write “PELdendal nerve Supplies PELvis” muscle
The Internal Pudendal nerve gives rise to
Internal = Inferior Rectal Artery
Pudendal = Posterior Labial Artery
The 5acrum has 5 bones
The S1-S5 Sacrum
The 5acral Promontory is the landmark for Pelvimetry
The first Sacral bone is associated with the First (Number One) Sacral bone
Say “PromONEtory” : Number ONE Sacral bone
A defect in the Pelvic Diaphragm may lead to Pelvic organ prolapse (Example: Uterine Organ Prolapse)
Shapes of the Pelvis in Pregnancy
Babies come through the GAAP in the Pelvis
G = Gynecoid
A = Android
A = Anthropoid
P = Platypelloid
Ischial Spines determines the Station of the Baby
Spine = Station
Abel
profile/1212download1.jpeg
Abel
Boosting Your Memory And Brain Capacity. Become The Smarter One
~2.1 mins read
The way you live, what you eat and drink, and how you treat your body affect your memory as well as your physical health and wellbeing. Here are five things you can do every day to keep mind and body sharp.
Manage your stress. The constant drumbeat of daily stresses such as deadline pressures or petty arguments can certainly distract you and affect your ability to focus and recall. But the bigger problem is an ongoing sense of extreme anxiety—that can lead to memory impairment. If you don’t have a strategy in place for managing your stress, protecting your memory is one reason to get one. Deep breathing, meditation, yoga, and a “mindful” approach to living can all help.
Get a good night’s sleep. People who don’t sleep well at night tend to be more forgetful than people who sleep soundly. A good night’s sleep is essential for consolidating memories. The most common reason for poor sleep is insomnia—difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Unfortunately, many medicines used to treat insomnia can also impair memory and general brain function. That’s why it’s best to try improving your sleep habits first and turn to medication only if those steps don’t help. If you do need sleep aids, use the lowest dose for the shortest time needed to get your sleep back on track.
If you smoke, quit. Easier said than done, certainly, but if you need additional motivation, know that smokers have a greater degree of age-related memory loss and other memory problems than nonsmokers. People who smoke more than two packs of cigarettes a day at midlife have more than double the risk of developing dementia in old age compared with nonsmokers. However, those who stop smoking by midlife and those who smoke less than half a pack a day have a similar a risk of dementia as people who have never smoked.
If you drink alcohol, do so moderately. Drinking too much alcohol increases the risk for memory loss and dementia. People with alcoholism have difficulty performing short-term memory tasks, such as memorizing lists. Another type of memory loss associated with alcohol use is called Korsakoff’s syndrome. In this condition, long-term vitamin B1 deficiency combined with the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain can trigger sudden and dramatic amnesia. In some cases this memory loss is permanent, but if caught early, can be reversed to some degree.
Protect your brain from injury. Head trauma is a major cause of memory loss and increases the risk of developing dementia. Always use the appropriate gear during high-speed activities and contact sports. Wear seat belts when riding in motor vehicles. Car accidents are by far the most common cause of brain injury, and wearing seat belts greatly reduces the chances of severe head injury. Wear a helmet when bicycling, riding on a motorcycle, in-line skating, and skiing.
Original article is at Harvard Health Publishing
Manage your stress. The constant drumbeat of daily stresses such as deadline pressures or petty arguments can certainly distract you and affect your ability to focus and recall. But the bigger problem is an ongoing sense of extreme anxiety—that can lead to memory impairment. If you don’t have a strategy in place for managing your stress, protecting your memory is one reason to get one. Deep breathing, meditation, yoga, and a “mindful” approach to living can all help.
Get a good night’s sleep. People who don’t sleep well at night tend to be more forgetful than people who sleep soundly. A good night’s sleep is essential for consolidating memories. The most common reason for poor sleep is insomnia—difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Unfortunately, many medicines used to treat insomnia can also impair memory and general brain function. That’s why it’s best to try improving your sleep habits first and turn to medication only if those steps don’t help. If you do need sleep aids, use the lowest dose for the shortest time needed to get your sleep back on track.
If you smoke, quit. Easier said than done, certainly, but if you need additional motivation, know that smokers have a greater degree of age-related memory loss and other memory problems than nonsmokers. People who smoke more than two packs of cigarettes a day at midlife have more than double the risk of developing dementia in old age compared with nonsmokers. However, those who stop smoking by midlife and those who smoke less than half a pack a day have a similar a risk of dementia as people who have never smoked.
If you drink alcohol, do so moderately. Drinking too much alcohol increases the risk for memory loss and dementia. People with alcoholism have difficulty performing short-term memory tasks, such as memorizing lists. Another type of memory loss associated with alcohol use is called Korsakoff’s syndrome. In this condition, long-term vitamin B1 deficiency combined with the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain can trigger sudden and dramatic amnesia. In some cases this memory loss is permanent, but if caught early, can be reversed to some degree.
Protect your brain from injury. Head trauma is a major cause of memory loss and increases the risk of developing dementia. Always use the appropriate gear during high-speed activities and contact sports. Wear seat belts when riding in motor vehicles. Car accidents are by far the most common cause of brain injury, and wearing seat belts greatly reduces the chances of severe head injury. Wear a helmet when bicycling, riding on a motorcycle, in-line skating, and skiing.
Original article is at Harvard Health Publishing
Fidelity
profile/2277IMG_20200116_052733_5.jpg
Fidelity
No Laboratory Should Charge For COVID-19 Test.
~3.7 mins read
The National Coordinator, Presidential Task Force on COVID-19, Dr. Sani Aliyu, says Nigerians should not pay for coronavirus test, noting that testing remains free for citizens across the country.
Speaking on a live TV programme on Tuesday, Aliyu said the Federal Government provides free test kits across the laboratories, and that state governments pay private laboratories for every test they do.
Consequently, Aliyu said, private laboratories can only charge for their services if clients want to undergo COVID-19 test because they want to embark on international travel.
He maintained that Nigeria must continue to be critical of the reopening processes to avoid a second wave of COVID-19 infection as seen in some countries already.
According to the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, the cost of COVID-19 PCR test varies across private laboratories, noting, “Currently, it ranges between N42,750 and N50,400 on the payment portal.â€
Speaking with PUNCH HealthWise on Wednesday, a front-desk employee at Medbury Medical Services, one of the accredited private laboratories for COVID-19 tests in Lagos, said those who wish to know their COVID-19 status can get tested by the laboratory once they are ready to pay for it.
She said the fee for the test is N50,400, adding that the test result is usually ready between 24 and 48 hours.
According to the employee who gave her name as Evelyn, Medbury Medical Services conducts tests for all categories of people, including those who want to know their COVID-19 status because of international travel.
She added that anyone can get tested once the test fee, which is N50,400, is paid.
During the live TV programme, Aliyu said, “The only situation where you need to pay for COVID-19 test is if you are going on international travel or if you are coming into the country from abroad. Apart from that, you don’t need to pay.
“Nobody should pay for COVID-19 test in Nigeria. We provide the testing kit free across the laboratories, particularly, the state government laboratories and those on the NCDC network.
“Only private laboratories are allowed to charge and even that is in the context of international travel.
“The private laboratories that are providing testing services to state governments, the state governments pay them for every test they do.
“So, the public is not expected to pay for COVID-19 test and we need to remove this confusion and we need Nigerians to be clear on this. They need not worry about paying for COVID-19 test. It is free,†Aliyu said.
This is contrary to PUNCH HealthWise findings at Medbury Medical Services, as the front desk officer, Evelyn, said, “Even those referred to the laboratory by the government through the NCDC portal still have to pay the mandatory fees before they can book the COVID-19 test.â€
According to Aliyu, the only way to completely contain the COVID-19 pandemic is by continuing to ensure Nigerians have free access to testing, stressing that charging for a test even by private laboratories is not allowed.
“We have continued to work across the states to make sure that testing is accessible to everybody and, more importantly, that it remains free.
“We don’t want the public to continue with this issue of paying for tests. No Federal Laboratory centre, no NCDC laboratory and no state government laboratory is allowed to charge a kobo.
“We have over 80 laboratories in Nigeria and the majority are government laboratories. Virtually every state, except Niger State, now has a laboratory for testing.â€
The PTF national coordinator also decried the lack of testing in most states of the federation.
“We have a lot of silent states that we have no idea what is going on with them. But, we shall continue to work with the states to make sure testing is accessible to the people.
“If we want to avoid the second wave. The first thing is the issue of testing. We cannot define our problem without really looking at it. That is why testing is important,†he said.
Dr. Aliyu also flayed the schools charging for COVID-19 test, saying, “We do not recommend testing for the reopening of schools.
“If private universities are charging for COVID-19 test, you need to know that it is not coming from PTF
“You test for COVID-19 based on certain indicators. For instance, if the person has symptoms or has just returned from abroad, or if the person belongs to a vulnerable group and is concerned that he or she might have been exposed.
“PCR test when opening school is not important because, even if it is negative, that is just an indication for the period when the sample was taken. It can be positive the next day if the person gets infected.
“What is important for schools is to monitor the temperature of students when they are coming in and also check symptoms.
“Schools testing blindly is of no value at all. Are they going to be testing every day or every week?
“PTF does not support blind testing or charging for testing by private schools or universities.
“What we are encouraging is that the school clinic, especially in boarding schools, should have the facility to take samples for testingâ€.
Advertisement
